EXAMINING THE NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GIRLS' HIGHER EDUCATION AND EMPLOYABILITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v9i2.204Abstract
This paper explores the National Education Policy (NEP) of 2020 India and its effects on girls' higher education and women’s employability. The policy will be implemented from the academic year of 2023-24. Secondary literature on these topics through a socio-political lens including precursors to the NEP, such as the Kothari Commission and the National Policy on Education (NPE) of 1968 and 1986, have been analysed. Interactions with relevant stakeholders and research on education and career policies in two varying groups of countries - those with the highest level of gender equality, namely the UK and Finland, and those with a similar socio-economic background to India, namely Mexico, and China have been included for a rounded view. This paper aims to trace the evolution of women’s education and employability in India. The main focus of this paper lies in an analysis of the Gender Inclusion Fund as well as the National Career Counselling Portal that has been outlined in the NEP.
Collectively, this paper explores India’s new 2020 policy and parallelly delves into the global context of education policies, using this context to provide recommendations to improve, optimise and implement the policy in the fields of education and employability.
References
UNESCO, Education Policies and Strategies, https://www.unesco.org/en/education-policies
Universal Declaration of Human Right, United Nations https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
Abdulghani Al-Shuaibi, The Importance of Education, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260075970_The_Importance_of_Education
Ministry of Human Resource Development, National Education Poly 2020, P. 3-4 https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
India Today, How to implement National Education Policy 2020, https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/how-to-implement-national-education-policy-2020-1751335-2020-12-20
Aaditya Kanchan on behalf of the Times of India, The importance of Career Counselling in Today’s Time https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/aadityakanchanblogs/the-importance-of-career-counselling-in
-todays-time-32875/
Ana Revenga, Sudhir Shetty, Empowering women is Smart Economics, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/03/revenga.htm#:~:text=Gender%20equality%20and%20development,-Gender%20equality%20is&text=Closing%20the%20gap%20in%20well,and%20improves%20other%20development%20outcomes
UNESCO, Education Policies and Strategies, https://www.unesco.org/en/education-policies
Universal Declaration of Human Right, United Nations https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
Abdulghani Al-Shuaibi, The Importance of Education, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260075970_The_Importance_of_Education
Ministry of Human Resource Development, National Education Poly 2020, P. 3-4 https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
India Today, How to implement National Education Policy 2020, https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/how-to-implement-national-education-policy-2020-1751335-2020-12-20
Aaditya Kanchan on behalf of the Times of India, The importance of Career Counselling in Today’s Time https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/aadityakanchanblogs/the-importance-of-career-counselling-in
-todays-time-32875/
Ana Revenga, Sudhir Shetty, Empowering women is Smart Economics, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/03/revenga.htm#:~:text=Gender%20equality%20and%20development,-Gender%20equality%20is&text=Closing%20the%20gap%20in%20well,and%20improves%20other%20development%20outcomes
UNESCO, Education Policies and Strategies, https://www.unesco.org/en/education-policies
Universal Declaration of Human Right, United Nations https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
Abdulghani Al-Shuaibi, The Importance of Education, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260075970_The_Importance_of_Education
Ministry of Human Resource Development, National Education Poly 2020, P. 3-4 https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
India Today, How to implement National Education Policy 2020, https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/how-to-implement-national-education-policy-2020-1751335-2020-12-20
Aaditya Kanchan on behalf of the Times of India, The importance of Career Counselling in Today’s Time https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/aadityakanchanblogs/the-importance-of-career-counselling-in
-todays-time-32875/
Ana Revenga, Sudhir Shetty, Empowering women is Smart Economics, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/03/revenga.htm#:~:text=Gender%20equality%20and%20development,-Gender%20equality%20is&text=Closing%20the%20gap%20in%20well,and%20improves%20other%20development%20outcomes
IOP Education, Gender Inclusive Careers Guidance, https://spark.iop.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/Gender%20inclusive%20careers%20guidance.pdf
Anna-Maija Lämsä, Suvi Heikkinen, Amola Bhatt, Rupert Beinhauer, Career Counselling for Women’s Empowerment, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345607051_CAREER_COUNSELLING_FOR_WOMEN'S_EMPOWERMENT
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/space4sdgs/sdg4.html#:~:text=This%20goal%20ensures%20that%20all,to%20a%20quality%20higher%20education.
Manash Pratim Gohain on behalf of the Economic Times, India 50 years behind on education gaols, says UN report https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-50-years-behind-on-education-goals-says-un-report/articleshow/54025575.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2023, https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2023/
Dr. Radhika Kapoor, Problems in the Indian Education System, P. 1,2, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323700593_Problems_in_the_Indian_Education_System
UNICEF, Quality Education, https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/quality-education
Nitya Rao, Quality with Quantity, P. 1, https://www.jstor.org/stable/8f008ba0-cf10-30e0-acfb-373ef85fba41?read-now=1&seq=1
Falguni Suthar, A Review on Indian Education System with Issues and Challenges, P. 17, 20, 21, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351600216_A_Review_on_Indian_Education_System_with_Issues_and_Challenges
Ministry of Education, National Education Policy 2020, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
Ministry of Education, National Education Policy 2020, P. 26, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
Education for All in India, NEP 2020: Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs) & Special Education Zones (SEZs),
Among SEDGs, women cut across all groups and face heightened exclusion and inequality. Recognizing this, the NEP 2020 prioritises the education of women . Empowering women through education is expected to bring about positive societal changes, fostering a culture that values women's education throughout society and for future generations
Ministry of Education, National Education Policy 2020, P. 26, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
UNICEF, Girl’s Education, https://www.unicef.org/education/girls-education#:~:text=Girls%20who%20receive%20an%20education,strengthens%20economies%20and%20reduces%20inequality.
Ministry of Education, National Education Policy 2020, P. 26, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
Ministry of Education, National Education Policy 2020, P. 26, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
Asraul Hoque, Arup Baidya, New Education Policy–2020: A Critical Analysis of Gender-inclusive Perspectives, P. 25, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361167197_New_Education_Policy-2020_A_Critical_Analysis_of_Gender-inclusive_Perspectives
(NEP 2020: Implementation Challenges, n.d.)
https://www.educationworld.in/nep-2020-implementation-challenges/
Ministry of Education, National Education Policy 2020, P. 39, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
Kamat, A. R. (1976). Women’s Education and Social Change in India. Social Scientist, 5(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.2307/3516600
Ms. Pradhnya Meshram Prabhu, History Research Journal ISSN:0976-5425
Nalini Bhattar, Revisiting the Initial Phase of the Education of Girls in Colonial India, https://feminisminindia.com/2022/03/17/revisiting-the-initial-phase-of-the-education-of-girls-in-british-india/
Jaspreet Kaur, Status of Women in India: In British Period, P. 312-313, https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJPUB1801047.pdf
University Grants Commission, Genesis, https://www.ugc.gov.in/page/genesis.aspx
All India Council for Technical Education, https://www.aicte-india.org/
Tilak, J.B.G. (2018), The Kothari Commission and Financing of Education. In: Education and Development in India, Abstract, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0250-3_8
http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1614/7/07_Chapter%201.pdf
Dr. Suhas Pednekar, Dr. Kavita Laghate, Anil R. Bankar, Indian Education System: Structure and Problems, https://old.mu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Paper-4-TY-Edu-Indian-Education-System-E-Rev.pdf
Ministry of Education, National Policy on Education 1968 https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/NPE-1968.pdf
(National Education Policies 1968 and 1986, 2016) https://www.gktoday.in/national-education-policies-1968-and-1986/#:~:text=The%201968%20policy%20or%20NEP,India's%20economy%20was%20in%20tatters
National Policy on Education 1986, Programme of Action 1992, P. 1-8, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/npe.pdf
Dr. Abhishek Bhattacharyya, NPE (1986): Impact on women empowerment, P. 2
(CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NPE 2020, n.d.) https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2010346.pdf
“Country's Population Reaches 1210 Million as Per Census 2011.” https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=71383.
Gourab Das, “Women's Entrepreneurship Day: 4 lady bosses from Indian startups on how to slay the challenges and what’s the reality”
“OpEd: The gender pay gap, hard truths and actions needed.”https://www.ilo.org/newdelhi/info/public/fs/WCMS_857392/lang--en/index.htm.
Aasif A. 2017. “(PDF) Women empowerment and their empowering schemes in India.”https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321965670_Women_empowerment_and_their_empowerin _schemes_in_India.
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, https://csc.gov.in/digitalIndia
N. Abdul Latheef, K. Prem Nazar, U. Rawan, A. Noor Mohmamed, International Journal of Science and Humanities Volume 3, Number 1 & 2 : January - December 2017 Special Issue on: UGC Autonomous Funded National Conference on Quality Indicators for Library and Information Services, P. 396
Pravallika Dannana, Digital Technologies: A Powerful Tool for Advancing Gender Equality,
Women and Child Development Department, Working Women Hostel https://wcdhry.gov.in/schemes-for-women/working-women-hostel/
Ministry of Child and Women Development, Scheme for working women Hostel, P. 2, https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Working%20Women%20Hostel_about_revised_about.pdf
Ministry of Women and Child Development, National Policy for the Empowerment of Women, https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/National%20Policy%20for%20Empowerment%20of%20Women%202001.pdf
UN Women, National Policy on the Empowerment of Women https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/asia/india/2001/national-policy-on-the-empowerment-of-women-2001
“List of Women Empowerment Schemes in India: Eligibility & Complete Process.” https://www.godigit.com/guides/government-schemes/women-empowerment
NEP 2020, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
PRESS INFORMATION BUREAU GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, Implementation of NEP, https://dsel.education.gov.in/sites/default/files/update/RU3055.pdf
Ministry of Education, Steps taken by the Government for Gender Inclusion Fund, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1776914
Ankita Gupta, National Education Policy and Gender Inclusion, https://ijaem.net/issue_dcp/National%20Education%20Policy%20and%20Gender%20Inclusion.pdf
Dr. Aatish Parashar, https://csrbox.org/India_CSR_news_States,-civil-society-organizations-must-work-together,-to-ensure-NEP-to-be-effective_1421
Ankita Gupta, National Education Policy and Gender Inclusion, https://ijaem.net/issue_dcp/National%20Education%20Policy%20and%20Gender%20Inclusion.pdf
Nitya Rao, Quality with Quantity, P. 1, https://www.jstor.org/stable/8f008ba0-cf10-30e0-acfb-373ef85fba41?read-now=1&seq=1
Ministry of Education, Government of India, P. 27, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
National Portal of the Government of India, National Public Bicycle Scheme https://www.india.gov.in/national-public-bicycle-scheme
CNBC TV 18, Rajasthan govt to spend Rs 133 cr on bicycles for girl students ahead of state polls
Department of school education, Government of Karnataka, Free Bicycle Distribution Scheme https://www.schooleducation.kar.nic.in/pryedn/bicycles.html
My Scheme, Saraswati Bicycle Scheme, https://www.myscheme.gov.in/schemes/scy
The Wire, Free Bicycles Help Wheel Students to School But What About Freedom of 'Action' and 'Thought'? https://thewire.in/education/free-bicycles-help-wheel-students-to-school-but-what-about-freedom-of-action-and-thought
Ministry of Education, Government of India, P. 27, https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf
Arnot, & Phipps. (2003). Gender and education in the United Kingdom. In UNESCO. Retrieved July 28, 2023, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146735.locale=en
Joint Council for Qualifications."Proportion of Gcse Entries Awarded a C/4 or Higher in The United Kingdom between 2000 and 2022, by Gender." Statista, Statista Inc., 25 Aug 2022 ,https://www.statista.com/statistics/282484/gcse-pass-rate-in-uk-by-gender/
Gupta, Sanjiv & Arnot, Madeleine & David, Miriam & Weiner, Gaby. (2001). Closing the Gender Gap: Postwar Education and Social Change. Contemporary Sociology. 30. 466. 10.2307/3089321.
A History of Women’s Education in the UK. (n.d.). Retrieved July 28, 2023, from https://www.oxford-royale.com/articles/history-womens-education-uk/
Lewis. (2022). Sexual harassment and violence in further and higher education. House of Commons Library. Retrieved July 28, 2023, from https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9438/
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015xivisitus/2015-09/28/content_21995521_2.htm
https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/china-funds-trust-phase-iii-cfit-iii-higher-education
.Importance of psychological counselling in educational institutions ~ Group Discussion Ideas.
(Implementing the Recommendations of NEP 2020: A Comprehensive Analysis of Career Guidance in Indian Schools, 2023)
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/edutrends-india/nep-2020-empowering-the-teacher/
(Press Information Bureau, 2021)
(NEP- 2020 for Progressive Growth of Women Education in India - Sentinelassam, 2022)
Finland: Access to Guidance Counsellors and One-Stop Guidance Centres
Kettunen, J., Lee, J., & Vuorinen, R. (2020). Exploring Finnish Guidance Counsellors’ Conceptions of Career Management Skills. SAGE Open, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020968778
World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at ilostat.ilo.org/data
(India's Largest Career Counselling Project Paramarsh Launched In Bikaner, 2022) https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/indias-largest-career-counselling-project-paramarsh-launched-in-bikaner-101644583530275.html
(Verizon India and Nirmaan Organization Launch a First-Of-Its-Kind Mobile Career Counselling Lab- CSRBOX, 2021)
Skelton, Christine. (2012). Men teachers and the "feminised" primary school: A review of the literature. Educational Review, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00131911.2011.616634
Beaman L, Duflo E, Pande R, Topalova P. Female leadership raises aspirations and educational attainment for girls: a policy experiment in India. Science. 2012, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394179/
Kang Bing, China Daily, https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202012/29/WS5fea6dafa31024ad0ba9f1dc.html
Neha Bhatt on behalf of Devex, Examining India’s new education policy through a gender lens https://www.devex.com/news/examining-india-s-new-education-policy-through-a-gender-lens-98007
