A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH FOR THE STUDY OF WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY

Authors

  • Adriana-Mercedes Cuéllar-Juárez Universidad Popular Autónoma Del Estado de Puebla, 17 sur 901, Barrio Santiago, 72410, Puebla, México.
  • José-de-Jesús Cuéllar-Juárez Universidad Popular Autónoma Del Estado de Puebla, 17 sur 901, Barrio Santiago, 72410, Puebla, México
  • Joel Molina-Reyes Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Luis Enrique Erro 1, Tonantzintla, 72840, Puebla, México.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v3i1.38

Keywords:

Workplace spirituality, competitiveness, religiosity

Abstract

Though several measuring instruments for workplace spirituality have been developed to understand its effect within organizations, there is a need to develop multidimensional instruments that could show a comprehensive reality of workplace spirituality. However, there is no literature analysis identifying the ways of measuring spirituality within measuring instruments, making difficult their identification and consideration for the development of comprehensive measuring instruments. This work qualitatively analyzes concepts and measuring instruments of spirituality, religiosity, and faith to identify frequently used scale categories, and to ease future integral multidimensional research by the use of a multidimensional conceptual model. We also analyzed the disclosed scale categories within measuring instruments to find science gaps. We identified four measuring kinds in which spirituality and religiosity are studied. Also, we found that the analyzed instruments measure spirituality, religiosity, and faith partially, according to the found scale categories. This article suggests a basis to comprehensively develop future studies.

References

. Afsar, B. Y. Badir, and U. Kiani. 2016. “Linking Spiritual Leadership and Employee Proenvironmental Behavior: The Influence of Workplace Spirituality, Intrinsic Motivation, and Environmental Passion.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 45:79-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.011.

. Allport, G. W. 1950. The Individual and His Religion: A Psychological Interpretation. New York, NY: Macmillian.

. Anderson, J. A. and J. W. Grice. 2014. “Toward an Integrated Model of Spirituality.” Journal of Psychology and Christianity 33: 1-3.

. Anderson, P. 2000. “This Place Hurts my Spirit!” Journal for quality and participation 23: 16-17.

. Arnold, J. L. 2010. Spirituality in the Workplace and its Impact on Organizational Performance

. Ayoun, B. L. Rowe, and F. Yassine. 2015. “Is Workplace Spirituality Associated with Business Ethics?” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 27 (5): 938-957. Doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-01-2014-0018.

. Badrinarayanan, V. and S. Madhavaram. 2008. “Workplace Spirituality and the Selling Organization: A conceptual Framework and Research Propositions.” Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management 28 (4): 421–434.

. Bardis, P. 1961. “A Religion Scale.” Social Science 36: 120-3.

. Batson, C. D. and W. L. Ventis. 1982. The Religious Experience: A Social-psychological Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

. Benefiel, M. 2005. “The Second Half of the Journey: Spiritual Leadership for Organizational Transformation.” Journal of the Leadership Quarterly 16 (5): 723-747. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.005.

. Bloodgood, J. M. W. H. Turnley, and P. Mudrack. 2008. “The Influence of Ethics Instruction, Religiosity, and Intelligence on Cheating Behavior.” Journal of Business Ethics 82 (3): 557-571. Doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9576-0.

. Carmona, M. E. J. Céspedes-Lorente, and J. Martinez-del-Rio. 2012. “Environmental Human Resource Management and Competitive Advantage.” Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management 10 (2): 125-142. Doi: 10.1108/1536-541211251607.

. Cash, K. and G. Gray. 2000. “A Framework for Accommodating Religion and Spirituality in the Workplace.” Academy of Management Review 14 (3): 124–133. Chau, L. L. R. C. Johnson, J. K. Bowers, T. J. Darvill, and G. P. Danko. 1990. “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Religiosity as Related to Conscience, Adjustment, and Altruism.” Personality and Individual Differences 11(4): 397–400.

. Cohen, M. Z. L. M. Holley, S. P. Wengel, and R. M. Katzman. 2012. “A Platform for Nursing Research on Spirituality and Religiosity: Definitions and measures.” Western Journal of Nursing Research 34 (6): 795-817. Doi: 10.1177/0193945912444321.

. Dhiman, S. and J. Marques. 2011. “The Role and Need of Offering Workshops and Courses on Workplace Spirituality.” Journal of Management Development 30 (9): 816–835.

. Dombo, E. A. and C. Gray. 2013. “Engaging Spirituality in Addressing Vicarious Trauma in Clinical Social Workers: A Self-Care Model.” Social Work and Christianity 40(1): 89-104.

. Duchon, D. and D. A. Plowman. 2005. “Nurturing the Spirit at Work: Impact on Work Unit Performance.” The Leadership Quarterly 16 (5): 807-833. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.008.

. Ebaugh, H. R. J. S. Chafetz, and P. F. Pipes. 2006. “Where's the Faith in Faith-Based Organizations? Measures and Correlates of Religiosity in Faith-Based Social Service Coalitions.” Social Forces 84 (4): 2259-2272. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0086.

. Edwards, K. J. 1986. Sex-Role Behavior and Religious experience. In Donaldson, W.J. Jr (eds.), Research in Mental Health and Religious Behavior: An Introduction to Research in the Integration of Christianity and the Behavioral Sciences, Psychological Studies Institute, Atlanta, GA, pp. 224-38.

. Fachrunnisa, O. A. Adhiatma, and Mutaminah. 2014. “The Role of Work Place Spirituality and Employee Engagement to Enhance Job Satisfaction and Performance.” International Journal of Organizational Innovation. Accessed online July 1, 2015.

. Fry, L. W. 2003. “Toward a Theory of Spiritual Leadership.” Leadership Quarterly 14 (6): 693-727.

. Fry, L. W. L. L. Matherly, and J. Ouimet. 2010. “The Spiritual Leadership Balanced Scorecard Business Model: The case of the Cordon Bleu-Tomasso Corporation.” Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion 7 (4): 283-314. doi:10.1080/14766086.2010.524983.

. Glicksman, A. 2009. “The Contemporary Study of Religion and Spirituality among the Elderly: A Critique.” Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging 21: 244-258. Doi: 10.1080/15528030903127130.

. Gotsis, G. and Z. Kortezi. 2008. “Philosophical Foundations of Workplace Spirituality: A Critical Approach.” Journal of Business Ethics 78: 575–600.

. Gupta, M. V. Kumar, and M. Singh. 2014. “Creating Satisfied Employees through Workplace Spirituality: A Study of the Private Insurance Sector in Punjab India.” Journal of Business Ethics 122 (1): 79-88. Doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1756-5.

. Hall, D. E. H. G. Koenig, and K. G. Meador. 2010. “Episcopal Measure of Faith Tradition: A Context-Specific Approach to Measuring Religiousness.” Journal of Religion and Health 49 (2): 164-178. Doi: 10.1007/s10943-009-9240-3.

. Heaton, D. P. J. Schmidt-Wilk, and F. Travis. 2004. “Constructs, Methods, and Measures for Researching Spirituality in Organizations.” Journal of Organizational Change Management 17 (1): 62-82. doi: 10.1108/09534810410511305

. Hicks, D. A. 2003. Religion and the Workplace Pluralism, Spirituality, Leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

. Hill, P. C. and R. W. Hood, eds. 1999. Measures of Religiosity. Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.

. Hochachka, G. 2005. Developing Sustainability, Developing the Self: An Integral Approach to International and Community Development. Canada, BC: Drishti Centre for Integral Action.

. Hodge, D. R. 2013. “Implicit Spiritual Assessment: An Alternative Approach for Assessing Client Spirituality.” Social Work 58 (3): 223-230. doi:10.1093/sw/swt019.

. Jamali, D. and Y. Sdiani. 2013. “Does Religiosity Determine Affinities to CSR?” Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion 10 (4): 309-323. doi:10.1080/14766086.2013.802251.

. Jurkiewicz, C. L. and R. A. Giacalone. 2004. “A Values Framework for Measuring the Impact of Workplace Spirituality on Organizational Performance.” Journal of Business Ethics 49 (2): 129-142. doi:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000015843.22195.

. Khasawneh, S. 2011. “Cutting-Edge Panacea of the Twenty-First Century.” International Journal of Educational Management 25 (7): 687-700. doi:10.1108/09513541111172090

. Kim, N. H. Huh, and J. Chae. 2015. “Effects of Religiosity and Spirituality on the Treatment Response in Patients with Depressive Disorders.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 60: 26-34. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.009.

. King, J. E. and M. R. Crowther. 2004. “The Measurement of Religiosity and Spirituality: Examples and Issues from Psychology.” Journal of Organizational Change Management 17 (1). 83-101. doi: 10.1108/09534810410511314.

. Klerk, J. J. 2005. “Spirituality, Meaning in Life, and Work Wellness: a Research Agenda.” The International Journal of Organizational Analysis 13 (1): 64-88.

. Koenig, H. G. M. McCullough, and D. B. Larson. 2000. Handbook of Religion and Healt. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

. Koenig, H. G. G. R. Parkerson, and K. G. Meador. 1997. “Religion Index for Psychiatric Research: a 5-Item Measure for the Use in Health Outcome Studies.” American Journal of Psychiatry 154(6): 885-97.

. Kumar, V. and S. Kumar, 2014. “Workplace Spirituality as a Moderator in Relation between Stress and Health: An Exploratory Empirical Assessment.” International Review of Psychiatry 26 (3): 344-351. doi:10.3109/09540261.2014.924909.

. Leak, G. K. 2008. “Factorial Validity of the Faith Development Scale.” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 18 (2): 123-131. Doi: 10.1080/10508610701879399.

. Liu, C. H. and P. J. Robertson. 2011. “Spirituality in the Workplace: Theory and Measurement.” Journal of Management Inquiry 20 (1): 35-50. Doi: 10.1177/1056492610374648.

. Loureiro, S. M. C. L. Reijnders, and I. M. Dias-Sardinha. 2012. “The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Satisfaction and Perceived Value: The Case of the Automobile Industry Sector in Portugal.” Journal of Cleaner Production 37: 172178. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.07.003.

. Luquis, R. R. G. M. Brelsford, and L. Rojas-Guyler. 2012. “Religiosity, Spirituality, Sexual Attitudes, and Sexual Behaviors among College Students.” Journal of Religion and Health 51 (3): 601-614. Doi: 10.1007/s10943-011-9527-z.

. Lynn, M. L. M. J. Naughton, and S. VanderVeen. 2009. “Faith at Work Scale FWS: Justification, Development, and Validation of a Measure of Judaeo- Christian Religion in the Workplace.” Journal of Business Ethics 85 (2): 227-243. Doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9767-3.

. Mazereeuw, C. M. Kaptein, and J. J. Graafland. 2014. “Religiosity, CSR Attitudes, and CSR Behavior: An Empirical Study of Executives’ Religiosity and CSR.” Journal of Business Ethics 123 (3): 437-459. Doi: 10.1007/s10551-013-1847-3.

. McLaughlin, C. 1998. “Spirituality and Profitability.” Business Source Premier 20: 7.

. Miller, D. W. and T. Ewest. 2013. “The Present State of Workplace Spirituality: A Literature Review Considering Context, Theory, and Measurement/Assessment.” Journal of Religious and Theological Information 12: 29-54. doi:10.1080/10477845.2013.800776.

. Miller, D. W. and T. Ewest. 2015. “A New Framework for Analyzing Organizational Workplace Religion and Spirituality.” Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion 12 (4): 305-328. doi:10.1080/14766086.2015.1054864.

. Mostafa, A. M. S. and J. S. Gould-Williams. 2014. “Testing the Mediation Effect of Person– Organization Fit on the Relationship Between High Performance HR Practices and Employee Outcomes in the Egyptian Public Sector.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 25 (2): 276-292.

. Nash, L. L. and S. McLennan. 2001. Church on Sunday, Work on Monday: The Challenges of Fusing Christian Values with Business Life. San Francisco.

. Oh, S. and N. Sarkisian. 2012. “Spiritual Individualism or Engaged Spirituality? Social Implications of Holistic Spirituality among Mind-Body-Spirit Practitioners.” Sociology of Religion: A Quarterly Review 73 (3): 299-322. doi:10.1093/socrel/srr054.

. Osman-Gani, A. M. J. Hashim, and Y. Ismail. 2013. “Establishing Linkages between Religiosity and Spirituality on Employee Performance.” Employee Relations 35 (4): 360-376. Doi: 10.1108/ER-04-2012-0030.

. Paloutzian, R. F. S. L. Jackson, and J.E. Crandall. 1978. “Conversion Experience, Belief System, and Personal and Ethical Attitudes.” Journal of Psychology and Theology 6: 266-75.

. Pargament, K.I. J. Kennell, W. Hathaway, N. Grevengoed, J. Newman, and W. Jones. 1988.

. “Religion and the Problem-Solving Process: Three Styles of Coping.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 27: 90-104.

. Pawar, B. S. 2009. “Workplace Spirituality Facilitation: A Comprehensive Model.” Journal of Business Ethics 90 (3): 375-386. Doi: 10.1007/s10551-009-0047-7.

. Peterson, C. and M. E. P. Seligman. 2004. Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

. Piedmont, R. L. 2001. “Spiritual Transcendence and the Scientific Study of Spirituality.” Journal of Rehabilitation 67: 4-11.

. Porter, M. E. 2008. On Competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.

. Proeschold-Bell, R. C. Yang, M. Toth, M. Rivers, and K. Carder. 2014. “Closeness to God Among those Doing God's Work: A Spiritual Well-Being Measure for Clergy.” Journal of Religion and Health 53 (3): 878-894. Doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9682-5.

. Purnamasari, P. I. Amaliahb. 2015. “Fraud Prevention: Relevance to Religiosity and Spirituality in the Workplace.” Social and Behavioral Sciences 211: 827–835.

. Raelin, J. 2004. “The Bottom Line of Leaderful Practice.” Ivey Business Journal 68: 1-5

. Rego, A. and M. Pina e Cunha. 2008. “Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Study.” Journal of Organizational Change Management 21 (1): 53-75. Doi: 10.1108/09534810810847039.

. Sandage, S. J. 1999. “Religious Values Scale.” Pp. 108-12 in Measures of Religiosity.” Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press.

. Sheep, M. L. 2006. “Nurturing the Whole Person: The Ethics of Workplace Spirituality in a Society of Organizations.” Journal of Business Ethics 66 (4): 357–375.

. Sheldrake, P. 2007. A brief history of spirituality. Wiley-Blackwell.

. Sherafati, M. R. Mohammadi, and M. N. Ismail. 2015. “The Study of the Effect of Organizational Culture on Organizational Spirituality.” European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 4 (1): 165.

. Soltani, M. R. 2012. “Situation Analysis and Optimal Design of Corporate Culture of Organizations, Armed Forces Based on Religious Principles and Values of the Islamic Revolution.” The Journal - Research in Islamic Management 20 (1): 99-122.

. Tischler, L. J. Biberman, and Y. Altman. 2007. A Model for Researching about Spirituality in Organizations.” Business Renaissance Quarterly 2 (2): 23.

. Vallabh, P. and M. Singhal, 2014. “Workplace Spirituality Facilitation: A Person– Organization Fit Approach.” Journal of Human Values 20 (2): 193-207. Doi: 10.1177/0971685814539407.

. Valasek, A. J. 2009. “Examining the Relationship of Spirituality and Religiosity to Individual Productivity in the United States.” Dissertation Abstract International.

. Webb, J. R. L. Toussaint, and C. S. Dula. 2014. “Ritualistic, Theistic, and Existential Spirituality: Initial Psychometric Qualities of the RiTE Measure of Spirituality.” Journal of Religion and Health, 53 (4): 972-985. Doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9697-y.

. Wilson, J. A. J. and S. Hollensen. 2013. “Assessing the Implications on Performance when Aligning Customer Lifetime Value Calculations with Religious Faith Groups and Afterlifetime Values - A Socratic Elenchus Approach.” International Journal of Business Performance Management 14 (1): 67-94. doi:10.1504/IJBPM.2013.050588.

. Yeganeh, H. 2013. “An Investigation into the Cultural and Religious Determinants of National Competitiveness.” Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 23 (1): 23-40. Doi: 10.1108/10595421311296605.

Downloads

Published

2022-03-27