GENDER EQUALITY, CULTURAL VALUES, AND ATTITUDES TOWARD SOCIAL INCLUSION IN MODERN SOCIETY

Beatrice Kageha

doi:10.69980/tgf79w52

Authors

Beatrice Kageha Department of Business Studies, University of Embu

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69980/tgf79w52

Abstract

Gender equality, cultural orientations, and social tolerance are interconnected dimensions of contemporary social life. This study examined associations between egalitarian gender-role attitudes, cultural values and acceptance of social diversity using respondent-level data from the World Values Survey, Waves 6 and 7. Two harmonized Kaggle files provided 169,126 records across 79 countries. Gender equality was operationalized using two statements concerning men’s employment priority and women’s higher earnings; social acceptance was measured through four questions on willingness to live alongside people of different racial, immigrant, religious and linguistic backgrounds. Descriptive statistics characterized respondents and item responses. A cross-national linear regression incorporated country fixed effects and country-clustered standard errors. The gender-attitude scale was complete for 164,440 respondents, whereas 167,937 provided sufficiently complete social acceptance indicators. The mean gender-equality score was 2.639 on a five-point scale, and mean social acceptance was 0.814. In the adjusted model (n = 162,044), more egalitarian attitudes were positively associated with social acceptance (coefficient = 0.0327; 95% CI: 0.0263–0.0391). Teaching tolerance was positively associated with acceptance, while emphasizing obedience was negatively associated. These observational findings link gender norms, childhood-value preferences and interpersonal inclusion. Missing sampling weights and selective questionnaire coverage limit generalizability.

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